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The research which is done byRobert G. Berns and Patricia M. Keadilan adalah suatu konsep yang 36 International Conference on Indonesian. Curah hujan rata-rata pada daerah tangkapan 2247 mm/tahun (BPS, 2010). Berdasarkan luas pemanfaatan lahan sampai dengan tahun 2009 di daerah Danau. PROSPEKTUS JADWAL Tanggal Efektif: 31 Desember 2018 Masa Penawaran Umum: 2 – 3 Januari 2019 Tanggal Penjatahan: 7 Januari 2019 Tanggal Pengembalian Uang Pemesanan: 9 Januari.
Celebrity Reflection cruise ship in the Port of Miami. It's length is 1047 ft or 319 m
The Golden Gate Bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the strait that provides an opening between the San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. Its total length is about 1.7 mi or 2.7 km.
Overview
Length describes the longest dimension of an object. For three-dimensional objects it is usually measured horizontally.
Distance, on the other hand, refers to the measure of how far the objects are from each other.
Measuring Length and Distance
Units
The basic unit for length and distance in the International System of Units (SI) is a meter. Derivatives of the meter, such as kilometers and centimeters, are also used in the metric system. Units such as inch, foot, and mile are used where the metric system is not accepted, such as in the USA and the UK.
Distances in Science
Sciences like Biology and Physics work with very small distances, therefore additional units are used. A micrometer is 1×10⁻⁶ of a meter. It is commonly used in biology to measure microorganisms, as well as for measuring infrared radiation wavelengths. It is also known as micron, and is represented by the sign µ. Nanometer (1×10⁻⁹ of a meter), picometer (1×10⁻¹² of a meter), femtometer (1×10⁻¹⁵ of a meter), and attometer (1×10⁻¹⁸ of a meter) are also used.
Sailing under the Golden Gate Bridge. The clearance below the bridge is 220 ft or 67.1 m at tide
Distances in Navigation
Navigation uses nautical miles. One nautical mile equals 1852 meters. Historically it was defined as one minute of arc along the meridian, or 1/(60×180) of a meridian. This allowed for simplified calculations of latitude, because every 60 nautical miles were one degree of latitude. When calculating speed using nautical miles, often knots are used as units. One knot equals the speed of one nautical mile per hour.
Distances in Astronomy
In astronomy, because of the great distances under consideration, additional units are used for convenience.
An astronomical unit (AU, au, a.u., or ua) equals 149,597,870,700 meters. There is a constant, the unit distance, of the value of one astronomical unit. It is denoted as A. Earth is about 1.00 AU from the Sun.
A light year (ly) equals 10,000,000,000,000 km, or 10¹³ km. It represents the distance that light travels in one Julian year in vacuum. It is used more often in popular culture than in astronomical calculations.
A parsec (pc) is about 30,856,775,814,671,900 meters, or approximately 3.09 × 10¹³ km. One parsec represents the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object, such as a planet, a star, a moon, or an asteroid, which has a parallax angle equal to an arcsecond. One arcsecond equals to 1/3600 of a degree, or about 4.8481368 µrad in radians. To calculate a parsec, the effect of parallax can be used, which is an apparent displacement of an object when it is viewed from two different points of view. Astronomers draw an imaginary line from the Earth (point E1) to the distant star or an astronomical object (point A2), line E1A2. Half a year later, when the Sun is on the opposite side of the Earth, they draw another imaginary line from the current position of the Earth (point E2) to the new apparent position of the distant star (point A1), line E2A1. They then also connect the two positions of the Earth, making line E1E2. The sun is in the middle of this line, at a point S. The distance of lines E1S and E2S each equal 1 AU. When one draws a line perpendicular to E1E2, going through S, it will also pass through the intersection of E1A2 and E2A1, point I. The distance from the sun to this point, that is, the line SI, is equal to 1 pc, if the angle formed by the lines A1I and A2I is two arcseconds. Please see the diagram below for a better visualization. There, angle P is one arcsecond.
On this picture:
- A1, A2: apparent positions of a distant star
- E1, E2: positions of the Earth
- S: position of the Sun
- I: the intersection point
- IS = 1 parsec
- ∠P or ∠XIA2: parallax angle
- ∠P = 1 arcsecond
Other Units
A league is an obsolete unit in most countries. It is still in use in some areas, such as Yucatan and rural Mexico. It is defined as a distance that a person can walk in one hour. A nautical league is defined as three nautical miles, which is about 5.6 km. A league was widely used in literature, such as in “Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea” by Jules Verne.
A cubit is the length from the tip of the middle finger to the elbow. This unit was widely used from the Antiquity though to Early Modern Times.
A yard is used in the imperial system and it equals three feet or 0.9144 meters. In some countries like Canada it is only used when measuring fabric, as well as sports grounds, such as swimming pools and cricket pitches.
Defining the Meter
The meter was originally defined to be 1/10,000,000 of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator. It was later redefined as a length of a prototype meter bar, created from platinum and iridium alloy. It was further redefined as equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum. Later it was redefined once more using the speed of light. This definition is used today and states that one meter equals to the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
Calculations
In geometry, distance between two points A and B with the coordinates A(x₁, y₁) and B(x₂, y₂) is calculated using the formula:
In physics distance is a scalar value and never negative. It can be measured by an odometer. Distance is measured along the object’s travel trajectory. It must not be confused with displacement, which is a vector that measures a straight line that is the shortest distance between the departure and the arrival points of an object.
Circular distance is a distance travelled by a circular object, such as a wheel. It can be calculated using frequency, or the radius of the wheel.
Konversi Satuan
Information Storage
- 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
- 1 byte = 8 bit
Satuan panjang
- feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,
- 1 m (meter) = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214×10-4 mile
- 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
- 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578×10-5 mile
- 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894×10-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
- 1 mm = 10-3 m
- 1 cm = 10-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1×108 Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1×10-5 kilometer
Massa atau berat:
- 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521×10-2 slug
- 1 lb = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
- 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
- 1 Gal. H2O = 8.33 Lbs. H2O
- 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb
Satuan Power tenaga:
- horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second
- 1 W = 1 kg m2/s3 = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s
- 1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 103/9.80665 kgf m/s = 737.6 ft lbf/s = 103/(9.80665 75) metric hp
- 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA
Horse power – btu
- 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo)
Horse power — calorie
- 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416×105 calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412×105 calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069×105 calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie
Satuan Pressure- tekanan
- Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H2O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
- 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa = 1.4504×10-4 lb/in2 = 1×10-5 bar = 4.03×10-3 in water = 0.336×10-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295×10-3 in mercury = 7.55×10-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m2 = 0.993×10-5 atm
- 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02×10-4 m H2O = 9.869×10-6 atm = 1.45×10-4 psi (lbf/in2)
Tekanan ban dan injektor diesel:
- 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia
- TEKANAN BAN = 45 PSI= 45 Lb/In2 45X1.01325 BAR=45X 0,101.325 MPa = 45X1.01325 Kg/Cm2
- 1400 Psi = 10 MPa (INJEKTOR DIESEL)
Konversi Psi ke N/m2
- 1 psi (lb/in2) = 144 psf (lbf/ft2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895×10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895×10-2 bar = 27.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H2O = 16 ounces
Kaliber-kecepatan cahaya:
- 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
- 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (US Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (US Survey) = 792 inch (US Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (US Survey) = 22 yard (US Survey)
- 1 light year = 63241.08 astronomical unit = 9.46073×1012 kilometer = 5.8786×1012 mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec
Mile – Inche
- 1 mm = 0.03937 in
- 1 Aangstrom = 10-10 m = 1×10-8 cm = 3.937×10-9 inch = 1×10-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
- 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1,609.3 m = 63,346 in = 5,280 ft = 1,760 yd
- 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
- 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682×10-4 mile
Moment Inertia:
- 1 kg m2 = 10000 kg cm2 = 54675 ounce in2 = 3417.2 lb in2 = 23.73 lb ft2